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四季を再現した植物工場におけるブルーベリーの高収化と周年化

図1. An advanced fruit factory in Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology(TUAT) campus.

メンバー: 荻原勲

分野: 生産環境農学

所属: 農学研究院 生物生産学科部門

キーワード: 園芸学、環境調節学、作物生産学、植物工場四季成り、二期成り、周年化、高収化、ブルーベリー

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研究概要

近年、ブルーベリーは健康に良いとされる植物の一つである。日本では1995年以降に急速に栽培面積が増加したが、その理由は高い抗酸化活性や視機能改善効果をもつポリフェノール類(アントシアニン色素など)が多く含まれるとして、生果および冷凍果の消費量も拡大したからである。需要が増大しているにも関わらず、ブルーベリーの収穫期間は1品種でみると3週間程度と短い。日本における自然栽培では、果実成熟時期が異なる種や品種を組み合わせても、6月上旬から9月上旬までの約4ヶ月間である。ブドウのように加温したハウス栽培でも、5月からの収穫である。
 果樹は四季を体験させることで開花し果実を形成する。そこで、2011年に四季を再現した部屋をもった果樹生産のための植物工場を府中キャンパスに建設した(図1)。この果樹工場は地上1階・地下1階の2階建構造とし、太陽光及び人工光の併用型とした。地上のガラス室は果樹のライフサイクルを考慮して、春室(花が開花し受粉する部屋)、夏室(果実が成長し、成熟する部屋)、秋室(次サイクルの花芽が形成し、養分を蓄積する部屋)を設け、地下には晩秋室(葉が紅葉・落葉して休眠を誘導する部屋)、冬室(低温で休眠する部屋)、早春室(休眠した芽が萌芽する部屋)の6部屋を設けた(図2)そして、鉢植えのブルーベリーを、最適な環境条件を設定した「春夏秋冬」の部屋に移動させ、各部屋の環境の制御を工夫してライフサイクルを早め、安全性が高く、高品質の果実の生産を周年で行うことを狙いとして、研究を始めた。
 先ず、7月に果実を収穫した鉢を夏部屋から動かしたところ、夏部屋→秋部屋→春部屋→夏部屋に動かした鉢は12月に果実が結実し収穫後6か月で2回目の収穫ができた。このことから、ライフサイクルを短縮すれば1年に二回収穫が可能であることが示された。
 次に、休眠前の鉢を高温・長日下で生育させると新梢の先端から基部に向かって開花する現象がみられた。特に、休眠が浅く、常緑性のサザンハイブッシュ種の’Misty’のようないくつかの品種は連続開花・結実性を示すので、この性質を利用して12月から翌年の7月まで収穫が可能であった(図3)。
 さらに、連続開花・結実する株を使って、一年間を通じて果実品質を調査したところ、’Misty’は‘Sharpblue’よりも品質が安定していた。アンケート調査をしたところ、人工光型植物工場で生産した果実は、甘く、酸味が少なく、柔らかく、雑味が少ない味で、評判が良かった。
 従って、四季を再現できる植物工場を使うと、ライフサイクルの短縮が可能となり、果実が1年に2回収穫が出来る。また、休眠が浅く、常緑性のサザンハイブッシュ種のいくつかの品種は連続開花・結実性を示すので、この性質を利用して12月から翌年の7月まで収穫が可能である。今後は、ブルーベリー以外の果樹において、果樹工場を利用した高収量、高品質、安全な周年生産の可能性を検討していく予定である。

主要論文・参考事項

原著論文
1. Thanda Aung, Yukinari Muramatsu, Naomi Horiuchi, Jingai Che, Yuya Mochizuki and Isao Ogiwara. Plant Growth and Fruit Quality of Blueberry in the Controlled Room under Artificial Light. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 2014/10 83(4):273-281

2. Yin Yin Nwe, Khin Thida Myint, Yuya Mochizuki, Mehran Vazirzanjani, Kouji Okayasu, Sakae Suzuki, Isao Ogiwara. In vitro regeneration through direct shoot organogenesis in Honey Orange (Citrus tangerina). Plant Biotechnology 2014/09. 31,:341–344

3. Hara, S., Morita, R., Ogawa, T., Segawa, R., Takimoto, N., Suzuki, K., Hamadate, N., Hayashi, S-M., Odachi, A., Ogiwara, I., Shibusawa, S., Yoshida, T., Shibutani, Tumor suppression effects of bilberry extracts and enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in early preneoplastic liver cell lesions induced by piperonyl butoxide promotion in a two-stage rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. M.Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2014/08 66(5-6):225-234

4. Yoshihito Shinozaki, Ryusuke Tanaka, Hanako Ono, Isao Ogiwara, Motoki Kanekatsu, Wouter G. van Doorn, Tetsuya Yamada.Length of the dark period affects flower opening and the expression of circadian-clock associated genes as well as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes in petals of morning glory (Ipomoea nil) Plant Cell Reports.2014/07
33(7):1121-1131

5. Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, M. Fuke, and I. Ogiwara. Analysis of a High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Cultivar 'Benihoppe' with Focus on Root Dry Matter Production and Activity Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science.2014/07.83(2):142-148

6.Expression of an AtNAP gene homolog in senescing morning glory (Ipomoea nil) petals of two cultivars with a different flower life span.Yoshihito Shinozaki, Toshimitsu Tanaka, Isao Ogiwara, Motoki Kanekatsu, Wouter G van Doorn, Tetsuya Yamada.Journal of Plant Physiology. 2014/05.171(8):633-638

7. Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, M. Funayama, S. Ninomiya, M. Fuke, Y. Y. New, M. Yamada and I. Ogiwara. Analysis of High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) Cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ with Focus on Dry Matter Production and Leaf Photosynthesis Rate. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 82:22-29. 2013.

8. C. Miyashita, M. Mii, T. Aung and I. Ogiwara. Effect of cross direction and cultivars on crossability of interspecific hybridization between Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium virgatum. Scientia Horticulturae, 142. 1-6. 2012.

著書
1.10年後の市場・技術予測とそこから読み解く必然の研究開発テーマ
荻原 勲・車 敬愛・堀内尚美・三橋行夫 技術情報協会2014/08 421-425
2.植物工場経営の重要課題と対策~経営戦略・設備管理・栽培技術・高付加価値化・マーケティング~ 荻原 勲 情報機構 2014/03 299-306

総説
荻原 勲 施設果樹のこれからを考える 果樹工場の現状展開方向〜ブルーベリー栽培の施設化〜 果実日本 2013/03 68(3):46-51

特許
1.荻原勲 他2名 ブルーベリーの生産方法、及び該方法により得られる連続開花性ブルーベリー WO2012/161351 号
2.荻原勲 他4名 植物の栽培方法  登録番号:5700748 号 WO2014/156939

その他 招待講演
Isao Ogiwara. Features of Blueberry Plant Factory with Rooms of Controlled Environment representing Four Seasons. ITRI, Taiwan, 2014/9/24

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研究要素集検索

Features of Blueberry Plant Factory with Rooms of Controlled Environment representing Four Seasons

Fig.1. An advanced fruit factory in Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology(TUAT) campus.

Research members: Dr. Isao Ogiwara

Research fields: Plant production and environmental agriculture

Departments: Institute of Agriculture

Keywords: Horticulture Science, Plant Production, Environmental Engineering in Agriculture and Plant factory

Web site:

Summary

Nowadays, blueberries have been recognized as one of the foremost health fruits around the world. In Japan, blueberry growing area and production have been increased rapidly from about 1995 due to the increased demand of Japanese consumers who are eating blueberries for their health benefits. In the open field production, the harvest duration of blueberry fruits in Japan is limited from June to September (only four months) form all suitable elevations by use of a range of species. Due to the efforts of some blueberry farmers by heating culture in plastic houses, some blueberries could be harvested in May. However, self-sufficiency is still lacking within the country and blueberries are needed to import every year (Ministry of Agriculture Statistics, 2011).
     In 2011, to upgrade the recent blueberry production, an advanced blueberry factory was established in Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) (Fig.1) as the very first factory to grow a fruit tree in a controlled environment under four seasons (Ogiwara and Arie, 2010). This facility mainly focused on researches to establish profitable conditions to produce blueberries in plant factory. This fruit factory design concept is two-story factory, first floor and underground floor, including 6 rooms representing 4 seasons and blueberry pots will be moved to optimal environmental conditions to produce high quality fruits year round by accelerating life cycle (Fig.2).
     Blueberry pots will be moved from summer room to different rooms after harvesting fruits in July. By orderly moving Blueberry pots from summer room to autumn room, next to spring room and finally to summer room respectively, it is possible to shorten the life cycle and fruits can be harvested two times in a year.
     Moreover, the flowering habit, harvest duration, and shoot growth were investigated in three blueberry species grown under high temperature and long-day conditions before endodormancy. Low-chill cultivars, ‘Misty’ and ‘Sharpblue’, continued flowering and fruiting from the top to bottom of the shoots. The harvesting period was from December to July (Fig.3).
     As a next step, fruits which could be continuously harvested throughout the year were investigated for quality analysis. The results showed that fruit quality was different depending on growing condition and the cultivar; fruit quality of ‘Misty’ was constantly high but the quality of ‘Sharpblue’ was changing in controlled room. From this finding, it is essential to choose a suitable cultivar like ‘Misty’ for sustainable year-round production of high quality fruit. Also all participants of a questionnaire survey accepted factory produced blueberry fruits and then the eating quality results showed that fruits produced under artificial light were sweeter, less sour and tastier.
     From the attempts of off-season production of southern highbush blueberries, the results showed that it was possible to produce off-season fruits in a controlled environment. And a fruit tree factory will be realized in future if it is possible to produce year-round with ‘high yield’, ‘high quality’, ‘safe’ and ‘security’ fruits constantly by choosing suitable cultivars.

Reference articles and patents

原著論文
1. Thanda Aung, Yukinari Muramatsu, Naomi Horiuchi, Jingai Che, Yuya Mochizuki and Isao Ogiwara. Plant Growth and Fruit Quality of Blueberry in the Controlled Room under Artificial Light. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 2014/10 83(4):273-281

2. Yin Yin Nwe, Khin Thida Myint, Yuya Mochizuki, Mehran Vazirzanjani, Kouji Okayasu, Sakae Suzuki, Isao Ogiwara. In vitro regeneration through direct shoot organogenesis in Honey Orange (Citrus tangerina). Plant Biotechnology 2014/09. 31,:341–344

3. Hara, S., Morita, R., Ogawa, T., Segawa, R., Takimoto, N., Suzuki, K., Hamadate, N., Hayashi, S-M., Odachi, A., Ogiwara, I., Shibusawa, S., Yoshida, T., Shibutani, Tumor suppression effects of bilberry extracts and enzymatically modified isoquercitrin in early preneoplastic liver cell lesions induced by piperonyl butoxide promotion in a two-stage rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. M.Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2014/08 66(5-6):225-234

4. Yoshihito Shinozaki, Ryusuke Tanaka, Hanako Ono, Isao Ogiwara, Motoki Kanekatsu, Wouter G. van Doorn, Tetsuya Yamada.Length of the dark period affects flower opening and the expression of circadian-clock associated genes as well as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes in petals of morning glory (Ipomoea nil) Plant Cell Reports. 2014/07
33(7):1121-1131

5. Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, M. Fuke, and I. Ogiwara. Analysis of a High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Cultivar 'Benihoppe' with Focus on Root Dry Matter Production and Activity Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 2014/07.83(2):142-148

6.Expression of an AtNAP gene homolog in senescing morning glory (Ipomoea nil) petals of two cultivars with a different flower life span.Yoshihito Shinozaki, Toshimitsu Tanaka, Isao Ogiwara, Motoki Kanekatsu, Wouter G van Doorn, Tetsuya Yamada. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2014/05.171(8):633-638

7. Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, M. Funayama, S. Ninomiya, M. Fuke, Y. Y. New, M. Yamada and I. Ogiwara. Analysis of High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) Cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ with Focus on Dry Matter Production and Leaf Photosynthesis Rate. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 82:22-29. 2013.

8. C. Miyashita, M. Mii, T. Aung and I. Ogiwara. Effect of cross direction and cultivars on crossability of interspecific hybridization between Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium virgatum. Scientia Horticulturae, 142. 1-6. 2012.

著書
1.10年後の市場・技術予測とそこから読み解く必然の研究開発テーマ
荻原 勲・車 敬愛・堀内尚美・三橋行夫 技術情報協会2014/08 421-425
2.植物工場経営の重要課題と対策~経営戦略・設備管理・栽培技術・高付加価値化・マーケティング~ 荻原 勲 情報機構 2014/03 299-306

総説
荻原 勲 施設果樹のこれからを考える 果樹工場の現状展開方向〜ブルーベリー栽培の施設化〜 果実日本 2013/03 68(3):46-51

特許
1.荻原勲 他2名 ブルーベリーの生産方法、及び該方法により得られる連続開花性ブルーベリー WO2012/161351 号
2.荻原勲 他4名 植物の栽培方法  登録番号:5700748 号 WO2014/156939

その他 招待講演
Isao Ogiwara. Features of Blueberry Plant Factory with Rooms of Controlled Environment representing Four Seasons. ITRI, Taiwan, 2014/9/24

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